Frenoy et al. (2022) titled “Application of two statistical approaches (Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression and Principal Component Regression) to assess breast cancer risk in association to exposure to mixtures of brominated flame retardants and per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances in the E3N cohort”.

References to EPAs lists of possible PFAS health effects based on current peer-reviewed studies and challenges with PFAS health effect evaluations can be found here: https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas

Reference Dose is defined by the EPA as:

  • “In general, the RfD [Reference Dose] is an [oral or dermal] estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is generally expressed in units of milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight per day (mg/kg/day).”

In 2016, the EPA applied the Wambaugh et al. (2013) model to derive a chronic oral reference doses (RfDs) for PFOA and PFOS (EPA 2016e, 2016f). This particular dose-response assessment for PFOA and PFOS resulted in the RfD of 2×10-5 mg/kg/day or 0.00002 mg/kg/day.

Epidemiological Study Designs (Strengths and Weaknesses)

Yang, hyeon jong. (2016). Clinicoepidemiological research designs in childhood allergic diseases. Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease

Munnangi S, Boktor SW. Epidemiology Of Study Design. [Updated 2022 Apr 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan

Frank Pagone, PhD, CIH

(773) 867-6011

fpagone@rhprisk.com